Much of the forest landscape in the Intermountain West has been transformed. Beginning with livestock grazing in the second half of the 19th century and continuing with decades of logging, road-building and fire exclusion through the 20th century, these changes have degraded watersheds and habitat for fish and wildlife. These altered forests also respond very differently to fire, sometimes to the further detriment of fish, wildlife, and watersheds, as well as endangering the lives and property of people who have chosen to live within and adjacent to forest lands.